[GET] Biology Chapter 2 The Chemistry Of Life Test Answers | updated!
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous B. Carbon, oxygen, iron, chlorine, sulfur and phosphorous C. Carbon, hydrogen, iron, sulfur, sodium and calcium D. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, iron and iodine E. Carbon, oxygen,...
[DOWNLOAD] Biology Chapter 2 The Chemistry Of Life Test Answers | latest
The mass number of an atom is defined as: A. The total number of protons, neutrons and electrons of an atom B. The total number of protons and electrons of an atom C. The total number of protons and neutrons of an atom D. The total number of...
Biology Chemistry Of Life Quizlet
Formed by atoms of opposite charge attracting one another B. Formed by atoms that share electrons C. That is a strong bond D. Both B and C are correct E. Both A and C are correct An ionic bond is a bond: A. Is a bond pulled apart by water molecules D. In the example of ionic bond formation between sodium and chlorine, which of the following is not a true statement? Na is the chemical symbol for sodium B. Sodium donates an electron C. Chlorine donates an electron D.
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2: The Chemical Foundation Of Life
Sodium becomes positively charged E. The bond that is formed is a strong bond In the example of ionic bond formation between sodium and chlorine: A. Na is the chemical symbol for chlorine B. Chlorine accepts an electron C. Sodium accepts an electron D. Chlorine becomes positively charged E. Both C and D are correct If a covalent bond is polar: A. Electrons are not shared by atoms B. Protons are shared by atoms C. One of the atoms has a partial negative charge D. The bond is not important to living cells E. The bond is not a strong bond A hydrogen bond: A. Is a strong bond B. May occur between molecules C. Does not occur within a molecule D. Is not important to living cells E. Water: A. Is cohesive B. Dissolves polar substances C. Regulates temperature D.
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The Chemistry Of Life Worksheet Answers
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. We have seen examples of metabolic processes in the primary and secondary metabolites covered in Chapter 6. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediate metabolism. Metabolic reactions may be categorized as catabolic — the breaking down of compounds for example, the breaking down of proteins into amino acids during digestion ; or anabolic — the building up synthesis of compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy. Figure 7. Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of molecules into smaller components, whereas anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller molecules.
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Chapter 2 The Chemistry Of Life Worksheet Answers
Catabolic reactions usually release energy whereas anabolic processes usually require energy. Figure is modified from Metabolism Overview The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because enzymes act as catalysts — they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes can also allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzyme shape is critical to the function of the enzyme as it determines the specific binding of a reactant.
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Biology Chapter 1 The Study Of Life Test
This can occur by a lock and key model where the reactant is the exact shape of the enzyme binding site, or by an induced fit model, where the contact of the reactant with the protein causes the shape of the protein to change in order to bind to the reactant. A In the Lock and Key Model, substrates fit into the active site of the enzyme with no further modifications to the enzyme shape required. B In the Induced Fit Model, substrate interaction with the enzyme causes the shape of the enzyme to change to better fit the substrate and mediate the chemical reaction. This section will give you a brief introduction to these six types of reactions and then the following section will focus more in-depth on oxidation-reductions and how they are critical for the formation of the major form of cellular energy, adenosine triphosphate ATP. Note that all of these reaction types require an enzyme catalyst usually a specific protein to speed up the rate of the reactions within biological systems.
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Biology Chapter 2 The Chemistry Of Life Worksheet Answers
Group Transfer Reactions In group transfer reactions, a functional group will be transferred from one molecule that serves as the donor molecule to another molecule that will be the acceptor molecule. The transfer of an amine functional group from one molecule to another is common example of this type of reaction and is shown in Figure 7. In the acceptor molecule, the carbonyl oxygen is replaced with the amine functional group, whereas in the donor molecule, the amine functional group is replaced by an oxygen forming a new ketone functional group. The formation or removal of carbon-carbon double bonds is also used in synthetic organic chemistry reactions to create desired organic molecules. One of these types of reactions is called a hydrogenation reaction, where a molecule of hydrogen H2 is added across a C-C double bond, reducing it to a C-C single bond. If this is done using unsaturated oils, the unsaturated fats can be converted into saturated fats Figure 7. This type of reaction is commonly done to produce partially hydrogenated oils converting them from liquids at room temperature into solids.
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Chapter 02 - The Chemical Context Of Life
Margarines made from vegetable oil are made in this manner. Unfortunately, a by-product of this reaction can be the formation of TAGS containing trans double bonds. Once the health hazards of consuming trans fats was recognized, the Food and Drug Administration FDA placed a ban on the inclusion of trans fats in food products. This ban was enacted in the summer of and gave food-makers three years to eliminate them from the food supply, with a deadline of June 18, Unsaturated oils can by partially or fully hydrogenated to produce the saturated fatty acids to produce margarines that will remain solid at room temperature.
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Biology Chapter 15 Test Answer Key
The addition of the new hydrogen atoms to create the saturated hydrocarbons are shown in yellow in the final product. Upper photo provided by Cottonseed Oil and lower photo provided by Littlegun Isomerization Reactions In isomerization reactions a single molecule is rearranged such that it retains the same molecular formula but now has a different bonding order of the atoms forming a structural or stereoisomer. The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is a good example of an isomerization reaction and is shown in figure 7. An example of this kind of reaction is the joining of the amino acid with the transfer RNA tRNA molecule during protein synthesis. During protein synthesis the tRNA molecules bring each of the amino acids to the ribosome where they can be incorporated into the newly growing protein sequence. To do this, the tRNA molecules must first be attached to the appropriate amino acid.
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Chapter 2, The Chemistry Of Life - 2.2 - Properties Of Water - 2.2 Assessment - Page 44: 1a
Specific enzymes are available called amino acyl — tRNA synthetases that mediate this reaction. A diagram of this process is shown in Figure 7. For each of the 20 amino acids, there is a specific tRNA molecule and a specific synthetase enzyme that will ensure the correct attachment of the correct amino acid with its tRNA molecule. The amino-acyl tRNA synthetase enzyme for methionine shown in blue covalently attaches methionine light pink with the methionine tRNA molecule dark pink. This reaction requires the energy provided from the breakdown of the ATP molecule into AMP, releasing energy with the breakdown of the phosphate bonds into two inorganic phosphate ions 2 Pi. Figure provided by the Kahn Academy Hydrolysis Reactions The classification of hydrolysis reactions include both the forward reactions that involve the addition of water to a molecule to break it apart or the reverse reaction involving the removal of water to join molecules together, termed dehydration synthesis or condensation Figure 7.
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A.P. Biology Chapter 4 (Carbon Chemistry)
Thus, the formation of molecules through the removal of water is known as dehydration synthesis. Since water is also a by-product of these reactions, they are also commonly referred to as condensation reactions. As we have seen in Chapter 6, the formation of the major classes of macromolecules in the body proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are formed through dehydration synthesis where water is removed from the molecules Figure 7. During normal digestion of our food molecules, the major macromolecules are broken down into their building blocks through the process of hydrolysis. The reactions of hydrolysis mediate the breakdown of larger polymers into their monomeric building blocks by the addition of water to the molecules.
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The reverse of the reaction is dehydration synthesis, where water is removed from the monomer building blocks to create the larger polymer structure. As you learned in Chapter 6, the major macromolecules are built by putting together repeating monomer subunits through the process of dehydration synthesis. Interestingly, the organic functional units used in the dehydration synthesis processes for each of the major types of macromolecules have similarities with one another. Thus, it is useful to look at the reactions together Figure 7. Note that in all of the reactions, there is a functional group that contains two electron withdrawing groups the carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid and the hemiacetal each have two oxygen atoms attached to a central carbon or phosphorus atom.
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Chapter 2 Chemistry Of Life Quizlet
This forms a reactive partially positive center atom carbon in the case of the carboxylic acid and hemiacetal, or phosphorus in the case of the phosphoric acid that can be attacked by the electronegative oxygen or nitrogen from an alcohol or amine functional group. The formation of esters and the related compounds, amides, phosphoesters, and acetals are formed by dehydration synthesis, involving the loss of water. The reaction mechanisms for each of these reactions is very similar. The presence of the carbonyl oxygen and the alcohol functional groups create an electron withdrawing situation, where the electronegative oxygen atoms pull the electrons away from the central carbon atom. This creates a very polar situation, where the central carbon has a strong partial positive character. This enables a new covalent bond to form between the alcohol functional group and the carboxylic acid functional group. This creates an intermediate that has five bonds attached to the central carbon and three bonds attached to the oxygen atom of the incoming alcohol.
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Chapter 8, Photosynthesis - Standardized Test Prep - Page 247: 1
It will be able to temporarily absorb the extra electron potential around the central carbon atom, due to its electronegative character and the double bond will temporarily shift up onto the central oxygen forming a lone pair intermediate. All of the dehydration synthesis reactions shown for the major macromolecules have a similar reaction mechanism to that shown for the ester bond formation. Notice that the reverse of the reactions show mediate the hydrolysis of the bond linkage by the addition of the water molecule across the bond. This restores the original functional groups, a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the case of the ester.
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Elements And Macromolecules In Organisms Worksheet Packet
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions An oxidation-reduction redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two atoms or compounds. The substance that loses the electrons is said to be oxidized, while the substance that gains the electrons is said to be reduced. Redox reactions always have to occur together. If one molecule is oxidized, then another molecule has to be reduced ie.
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Chemistry Of Life - Quiz 2
The change in electron composition can be evaluated in the change of the oxidation state or number of an atom. Therefore, an oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation state number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. We will learn how to evaluate the oxidation state of a molecule within this section. Overall, redox reactions are common and vital to some of the basic functions of life, including photosynthesis, respiration, combustion , and corrosion or rusting. As shown in Figure 7. The Rules of Oxidation and Reduction. In determining the oxidation state of an atom, there are seven guidelines to follow: The oxidation state of an atom in its elemental form is 0. This includes elemental forms that occur as diatomic molecules. The total oxidation state of all atoms in a neutral species is 0 and in an ion is equal to the ion charge.
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Biology - Chapter 2: Chemistry Of Life Chapter Guide (with QR Codes)
When you add them together they equal 0. In the case of an ion, the overall charge is always indicated. The oxidation states of other atoms are calculated based on rules Combustion reactions almost always involve oxygen in the form of O2, and are almost always exothermic, meaning they produce heat. The burning of fuels that provides the energy to maintain our civilization and the metabolism of foods that furnish the energy that keeps us alive both involve redox reactions. All combustion reactions are also redox reactions.
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A.P. Biology Chapter 2 (Chemistry Review)
Combustion reactions can be evaluated for their redox potential by assigning oxidation numbers to each element in the reaction: Overall in combustion reactions, the hydocarbon in this case, acetylene is oxidized by molecular oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. In the process, oxygen is reduced. In respiration, the biochemical process by which the oxygen we inhale in air oxidizes foodstuffs to carbon dioxide and water, redox reactions provide energy to living cells. A typical respiratory reaction is the oxidation of glucose C6H12O6 , a simple sugar. Some of the energy released is also used to generate heat for the organism, but not in the rapid form of a combustion reaction that produces fire. Note that in redox reactions involving hydrocarbons, that they hydrogens are usually removed with the electrons. Thus, they can be used as an indicator for which molecules are being oxidized and which are being reduced.
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Chemistry Of Life - Quiz 2 - ProProfs Quiz
For example, in the reaction above the glucose molecule C6H12O6 is losing the hydrogens as it is converted to carbon dioxide. As the glucose losing the hydrogens, it is also losing electrons and thus, the glucose is the oxidized component. Similarly, the oxygen on the reactant side is being converted into the water on the product side where it is gaining the hydrogens, and also gaining electrons. Thus, in this reaction, the oxygen is being reduced to water. Note that reaction classifications can also overlap and fall into more than one category. For example, the hydrogenation reaction presented above in the removal of carbon-carbon double bonds is also an example of a redox reaction.
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Ch. 1 Introduction - Biology 2e | OpenStax
Students learn about protein chains, enzymes, cells, hormones, hormones, and growth, and more. They also learn about genes, DNA, and cells during this chapter of the course. It is important for students to know that the Biology of Life book by Dr. There are many tests that are offered during the course, so the students can see exactly what the course is about before they begin. Biology Chapter 2 the Chemistry Of Life Worksheet Answers Also Chapter 2 the Chemistry Life Worksheet Answers for 3 20 Amazing Download by size: Handphone Tablet Desktop Original Size What makes this book unique from other courses is that each chapter offers a different solution to a problem — making the way for the students to explore different types of answers. For example, in Biology Chapter 2 the Chemistry of Life, students learn about carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and iodine.
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The Chemistry of Life teaches students the correct and incorrect ways of using the scales to solve problems and science units. However, as stated before, the online students will not be lectured about biology. Thus, they will be able to solve problems and answer questions on their own. The Biology of Life offers a lot of variety, meaning students will be able to solve more than one problem at a time. The book will let the students interact with others to solve problems and interact with other students in the class. Because of this, students will become familiar with other students who may have not taken the class or are not in the same biology class. This means that Biology of Life is truly an interactive course. Once students get into the mindset of being an interactive learner, they will find themselves learning more during the book than if they were taught through lecture. The Biology of Life by Dr. David Sloan Wilson is a fun, fast paced, and easy to follow course that will give students a great understanding of biology and how it all works.
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1.1 Themes And Concepts Of Biology
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(PDF) Chapter 02 The Chemistry Of Life Multiple Choice Questions | JSD Z8PF84 - Medicoguia.com
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ExamView - 2011-2012 AP Chemistry Of Life Unit Exam ... - AP Biology
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry Of Life
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The Chemistry Of Life | Biology I Laboratory Manual
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Friday, April 23, 2021
Biology Chapter 2 The Chemistry Of Life Test Answers
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